Research and Application of Materials Science

Unsaturated transport properties of water molecules and ions in graphene oxide / hydrated calcium silicate nanochannels: from basic principles to complex environmental performance effects

HUANGZhuye, FENGYong, WANGHongwei, FANLei

Abstract


The problems of traditional concrete such as brittleness, poor toughness and short service life of concrete engineering under acid rain or marine environment need to be solved urgently. Hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) is a key component to improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. However, the traditional method of concrete material design based on empirical models or comparative tests has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of concrete. The synthesis method, molecular structure and properties of C-S-H were systematically described in this paper; The interface structure and interaction of graphene oxide / calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H / GO) were discussed. On this basis, the saturated and unsaturated transport characteristics of ions and water molecules in C-S-H / GO nanochannels under the environment of ocean and acid rain were introduced. The contents of this review provide the basis for improving the multi-scale transmission theory and microstructure design of concrete. It has important guiding significance for analyzing and improving the service life of concrete in complex environment.

Keywords


acid rain environment ; marine environment ; Service life of concrete ; Graphene oxide / calcium silicate hydrate ; molecular dynamics ; Unsaturated transport of ions and water molecules.

Full Text:

PDF

References


G. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Lu, et al.. XFEM based seismicpotential failure mode analysis of concrete gravity damwater-foundation systems through incremental dynamicanalysis. Engineer Structures, 2015 (98): 81–94.

Y.F. Fan, S.Y Zhang, Q. Wang, et al.. The effects ofnano-calcined kaoliniteclay on cement mortar exposed toacid deposits. Construction and Building Materials.2016(102): 486–495.

C. Wang, C. Yang, F. Liu, et al.. Preparation of Ultra-HighPerformance Concrete with common technology andmaterials. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2012(34):538–544.

T. Kamile. The effect of C3A content on sulfate durability ofPortland limestone cement mortars. Construction andBuilding Materials. 2012(36): 437–447.

E.A. Keller. Introduction to Environmental Geology, PrenticeHall, New Jersey,USA, 2012.

S. Zhao, W. Sun. Nano-mechanical behavior of a greenultra-high performance concrete. Construction and BuildingMaterials. 2014(63): 150–160.

B.L. Hu. Clear Water, Blue Skies: China’s Environment in theNew Century.Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1997.

B.G. Ma, J. Xiao, W. Kai. Effects of slag cement concrete toanti-acid rain performance. Concrete. 2009(4): 5–7.

J.L. Shang. Civil engineering materials.China BuildingMaterials Industry Press. 2010(11): 108.

Z.C. Lu. Analysis on the influence rule and mechanism ofdifferent functional groups of organic additives on cementhydration. Tsinghua University, 2017.

M. Devasena, J. Karthikeyan. Investigation on strengthproperties of graphene oxide concrete. International journalof engineering science invention research and development.2015(1): 307-310.

S.D. Xie, L. Qi, D. Zhou. Investigation of the effects of acidrain on the deterioration of cement concrete usingaccelerated tests established in laboratory. AtmosphericEnvironment. 2004(38): 4457–4466.

J. Haufe, A. Vollpracht. Tensile strength of concreteexposed to sulfate attack. Cement and Concrete Research.116 (2019) 81–88.

Y.F. Fan, Z.Q. Hu, Y.Z. Zhang, et al.. Deterioration ofcompressive property of concrete under simulated acid rainenvironment. Construction and Building Materials. 2010(24):1975–1983.

P. Vargas, N.A. Marin, J.I. Tobon. Performance andmicrostructural analysis of lightweight concrete blendedwith nanosilica under sulfate attack. Advances in CivilEngineering. 2018(1) :2715474.

H. Okochi, H. Kameda, S.I. Hasegawa, et al.. Deteriorationof concrete structures by acid deposition—an assessmentof the role of rainwater on deterioration by laboratory andfield exposure experiments using mortarspecimens.Atmospheric Environment.2000(34): 2937–2945.

M. Zhang, L.M. Yang, J.J. Guo, et al.. Mechanical propertiesand service life prediction of modified concrete attacked bysulfate corrosion. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2018(1):8907363.

B.X. Li, L.H. Cai, K. Wang, et al.. Prediction of the residualstrength for durability failure of concrete structure in acidicenvironments. Journal of Wuhan University of technology -Materials Science.2016(31): 340–344.

R. Wang, Z. Tao, Y. Li. Evaluation of microcrack size inrubber concrete ITZ exposed to sulfate attack, J. Materials inCivil Engineering. 2019(31): 04019308.

R. Dhole, M.D.A. Thomas, K.J. Folliard, et al.. Chemical andphysical sulfate attack on fly ash concrete mixtures. AciMaterials Journal. 2019(116): 31–42.

S.L. Gao, J.P. Jin, G.H. Hu, et al.. Experimental investigationof the interface bond properties between SHCC andconcrete under sulfate attack. Construction and BuildingMaterials. 2019(217): 651–663.

X.L. Yuan, B.X. Li, W.K. Zhu, et al.. Corrosion Mechanism ofAcid Rain on the Surface Structure of Concrete. MaterialsReports. 2022(36): 20120006.

M.F. Funari, S. Spadea, F. Fabbrocino, et al.. A movinginterface finite element formulation to predict dynamicedge debonding in FRP-Strengthened concrete beams in service conditions. Fibers. 2020(8): 42.

O. Rabinovitch. Cohesive interface modeling of debondingfailure in FRP strengthened beams. Journal of EngineeringMechanics. 2008(134): 578–588.

T. Han, W.H. Yang, Z.J. Yang, et al.. Monitoring study ofshaft lining concrete strain in freezing water-bearing softrock during mine shaft construction period in west China.Procedia Engineering. 2011(26): 992-1000.

R. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Li, et al.. Influence of Water Pressure onthe Mechanical Properties of Concrete after Freeze-ThawAttack under Dynamic Triaxial Compression State. Advancesin Materials Science and Engineering. 2019(1): 8702324.

Z.L. L, S.L. Du. Experimental study on mechanicalproperties of concrete due to high seepage pore waterpressure. Engineering Mechanics. 2011(28): 72–77.

Q. Wang, Y. Liu, G. Peng. Effect of water pressure onmechanical behavior of concrete under dynamiccompression state.Construction and Building Materials.2016(125): 501–509.

J. Cui, H. Hao, Y. Shi. Study of concrete damage mechanismunder hydrostatic pressure by numerical simulations.Construction and Building Materials. 2018(160): 440–449.

Y. Karinski, D. Yankelevsky, S. Zhutovsky, et al.. Uniaxialconfined compression tests of cementitious materials.Construction and Building Materials. 2017(153): 247–260.

W. Xue, Z. Yao, W. Jing, et al.. Mechanical damage andfailure behavior of shaft-lining concrete after exposure tohigh pore-water pressure. Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering. 2020(32): 04019339.

J. Cui, H. Hao, Y. Shi, et al.. Experimental study of concretedamage under high hydrostatic pressure. Cement andConcrete Research. 2017(100): 140–152.

A.M. Ragab, M.A. Elgammal, O.A. Hodhod, et al..Evaluation of field concrete deterioration under realconditions of seawater attack. Construction and BuildingMaterials. 2016(119): 130–144.

M.M. Islam, M.S. Islam, M. Al-Amin, et al.. Suitability of seawater on curing and compressive strength of structuralconcrete.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2012(40):37–45.

A. el Mahdi Safhi, M. Benzerzour, P. Rivard, N.E. Abriak, I.Ennahal. Development of self-compacting mortars based ontreated marine sediments. Journal of Building Engineering.2029(22): 252–261.

F.M. Wegian. Effect of seawater for mixing and curing onstructural concrete.IES Journal Part A: Civil and StructuralEngineering. 2010(3): 235–243.

R.A. Medeiros-Junior, M.G. Lima, P.C. Brito, et al.. Chloridepenetration into concrete in an offshore platform-analysisof exposure conditions, Ocean Engineering. 2015(103): 78–87.

R.R. Hussain, T. Ishida. Influence of connectivity of concretepores and associated diffusion of oxygen on corrosion ofsteel under high humidity, Construct. Build. Mater. 2010(24(2010): 1014–1019.

Q. Yuan, C. Shi, G. De Schutter, et al.. Chloride binding ofcement-based materials subjected to external chlorideenvironment–a review. Construction and Building Materials.2009(23): 1–13.

R. Yu, P. Spiesz, H.J.H. Brouwers. Effect of nano-silica on thehydration and microstructure development of Ultra-HighPerformance Concrete (UHPC) with a low binder amount.Construction and Building Materials. 2014(65): 140–150.

X.M. Gong, X.J. Zou, D.B. Liu, et al..Research progress ofconcrete durability in marine environment.New centurycement Guide. 2014(20): 21-24.

J.Q. Li.Ions penetration and reaction in concrete exposedto different corrosion zones in marine environment.QingdaoUniversity of Technology, 2016.

H.F Yuan, P. Dangla, P. Chatellier, et al.. Degradationmodelling of concrete submitted to sulfuric acid attack.Cement and Concrete Research. 2013(53): 267–277.

H. Siad, M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, et al.. Effect of glasspowder on sulfuric acid resistance of cementitious materials.Construction and Building Materials. 113 (2016) 163–173.

F. Girardi, R.D. Maggio. Resistance of concrete mixtures tocyclic sulfuric acid exposure and mixed sulfates: Effect of thetype of aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites.2011(33): 276–285.

M. Mahdikhani, O. Bamshad, M.F. Shirvani. Mechanicalproperties and durability of concrete specimens containingnano silica in sulfuric acid rain condition. Construction andBuilding Materials. 2018(167): 929–935.

J.J. Guo, K. Wang, T. Guo, et al.. Effect of dry-wet ratio onproperties of concrete under sulfate attack. Materials.2019(12): 2755.

H. Siad, M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, et al.. Preconditioningmethod for accelerated testing of concrete under sulfateattack. ACI Materials Journal. 2016(113): 493-504.

J.M. Gao, Z.X. Yu, L.G. Song, et al.. Durability of concreteexposed to sulfate attack under flexural loading anddrying-wetting cycles. Construction and Building Materials.2013(39): 33–38.

H. Fazli, A.Y. Mohd Yassin, N. Shafiq, et al.. Pull-off testingas an interfacial bond strength assessment of CFRP-concreteinterface exposed to a marine environment. InternationalJournal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2018(84): 335 .

W.H. Hu ; Peng, G.; Zou, S.B.; Liang, H. A comparativeanalysis of damage characteristics of concrete under naturaland water-saturated states. China Rural Water Hydropower.2014(393): 115–121.

C. Poinard, Y. Malecot, L. Daudevile. Damage of concrete ina very high stress state: Experimental investigation.Materials and Structures. 2010(43): 15–29.

Y.T. Jia. Research on unsaturated transport of water andions in cement-based materials based on moleculardynamics. Qingdao University of Technology . 2018.

W. Xu, P. Lan, Y. Jiang, D. Lei, et al.. Insights into excludedvolume and percolation of soft interphase and conductivityof carbon fibrous composites with core-shell networks.Carbon. 2020(161): 392–402.

K. Celik, C. Meral, A. Petek Gursel, et al.. Mechanicalproperties, durability, and life-cycle assessment ofself-consolidating concrete mixtures made with blendedportland cements containing fly ash and limestone powder.Cement and Concrete Composites. 2015(56): 59–72.

Z. Gong, Y. Wu, Z. Zhu, et al.. DEM anddual-probability-Brownian motion scheme for thermalconductivity of multiphase granular materials with denselypacked non-spherical particles and soft interphase networks.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering.2020(372): 113372.

D. Hou, W. Zhang, M. Sun, et al.. Modified lucas-washburnfunction of capillary transport in the calcium silicate hydrategel pore: a coarse-grained molecular dynamics study.Cement and Concrete Research. 2020(136): 106166.

P.A. Bonnaud, Q.JI, B. Coasne, et al. Thermodynamics ofwater confined in porous calcium-silicate-hydrates.Langmuir. 2012(28): 11422-11432.

N. Giovambattista, P.J. Rossky, P.G. Debenedetti. Effect ofpressure on the phase behavior and structure of waterconfined between nanoscale hydrophobic and hydrophilicplates. Physical Review E. 2006(73): 041604.

M.J.A. Qomi, M. Bauchy, F.J. Ulm, et al.. Anomalouscomposition-dependent dynamics of nanoconfined water inthe interlayer of disordered calcium-silicates. Journal ofChemical Physics. 2014(140): 054515.

M. Youssef, R.M. Pellenq, B. Yildiz. Glassy nature of water inan ultraconfining disordered material: the case ofcalcium-silicate-hydrate. Journal of the American ChemicalSociety. 2011(133): 2499–2510.

D.S. Hou, Z. Li. Molecular dynamics study of water and ionstransport in nano-pore of layered structure: a case study ofTobermorite. Microporous Mesoporous Materials.2014(195): 9–20.

A. Lerf , H. He, M. Forster, et al. Structure of Graphite OxideRevisited. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 1998(102):4477-4482.

A.M. Dimiev, L.B. Alemany, J.M. Tour. Graphene Oxide.Origin of Acidity, Its Instability in Water, and a New DynamicStructural Model. Acs Nano. 2013(7): 576-588.

J.P. Rourke, P.A. Pandey, J.J Moore, et al. The RealGraphene Oxide Revealed: Stripping the Oxidative Debrisfrom the Graphene-like Sheets. AngewandteChemie-International Edition. 2011(50): 3173-3177.

Y. Zhu, S. Murali, W. Cai, X. Li, J.W. Suk, J.R. Potts, R.S. Ruoff.Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, andapplications. Advanced Materials. 2010(22): 3906–3924.

D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, E.J. Zimney, R.D. Piner, G.H.B.Dommett, G. Evmenenko, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff,Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper.Nature. 2007(448): 457–460.

A. Mohammed, J.G. Sanjayan, W.H. Duan, A. Nazari,Incorporating graphene oxide in cement composites: astudy of transport properties. Construction and BuildingMaterials. 2015(84): 341–347.

C.D. Sanglakpam , A.K. Rizwan .Influence of graphene oxideon sulfate attack and carbonation of concrete containingrecycled concrete aggregate. Construction and BuildingMaterials. 2020(250): 118883.

R.R. Bellum, K. Muniraj, C.S. Reddy Indukuri, S.R. ChandMadduri. Investigation on Performance Enhancement of Flyash-GGBFS Based Graphene Geopolymer Concrete. Journalof Building Engineering. 2020(32): 101659.

S. Lv ,Y. Ma, C. Qiu, et al. Effect of graphene oxidenano-sheets of microstructure and mechanical properties ofcement composites .Construction and Building Materials.2013(49): 121-127.

W.L. Yang, Y.S. Zhang, Z.Y. Zhao. Effect of graphene oxide onslag grinding process and properties of cement concrete.Cement. 2018(6): 6-9.

B.Y. Ma,T.J. Yang, C.J Pan, D.S. Hou. Simulation Study onInterfacial Properties of Graphene Oxide Modified CementMaterials with Different Water Content. Bulletin of theChinese Ceramic Society. 2020(39): 7.

S. Sharma. N.C.Kothiyal. Influence of graphene oxide asdispersed phase in cement mortar matrix in defining thecrystal patterns of cement hydrates and its effect onmechanical, microstructural and crystallization properties.Rsc Advances. 2015(65): 52642-52657.

Q. Wang, J. Wang.Influence of graphene oxide additions onthe microstructure and mechanical strength of cement.NewCarbon Materials. 2015(30): 349-356.

B. Fakhim, A. HAssani, A. Rashidi, et al. Preparation andMechanical Properties of Graphene oxide:CementNanocomposites .Scientific world journal. 2014(4): 276-323.

S. Lv , Y.J. Ma ,C.C. Qiu, et al. Regulation of GO on cementhydration crystals and its toughening effect. Journal ofFunctional Materials. 2013(6): 1245-1253.

Z.Y. Liu, Y.C. Wang, D. Xu, C.Y. Zang , Y.S. Zhang, J.Y. Jiang.Multiple ions transport and interaction in calcium silicatehydrate gel nanopores: Effects of saturation and tortuosity.Construction and Building Materials. 2021(283): 122638.

K. Li, L. Xu, P. Stroeven , C.J. Shi. Water permeability ofunsaturated cementitious materials: A review. Constructionand Building Materials. 2021(302): 124168.

L. Homan, A.N. Ababneh, Y. Xi. The effect of moisturetransport on chloride penetration in concrete. Constructionand Building Materials. 2016(155): 1189-1195.

Z. Liu, D. Xu, S. Gao, et al. Assessing the adsorption anddiffusion behavior of multicomponent ions in saturatedcalcium silicate hydrate gel pores using moleculardynamics. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering.2020(8): 3718-3727.

L. Z. Jia. Y. Z. Zhang. K. Y. wang, et al.Chloride transportmechanism in unsaturated concrete. Journal of BuildingMaterials. 2016(19): 45-52

E.P. Nielsen. M. R. Geiker. Chloride diffusion in partiallysaturated cementitious material. Cement and ConcreteResearch.2003(33): 133.

A. Ayman. B. Farid. Y.P. Xi. Chloride penetration innonsaturated concrete. Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering.2003(15): 183.

Y. Zhang.Mechanics of chloride ions transportation inconcrete.Zhejiang University,2008.

P. Yu, R.J. Kirkpatrick. 35Cl NMR relaxation study of cementhydrate suspensions. Cement and Concrete Research.2001(31): 1479–1485.

Y. Zhou, D.S. Hou, J. Jiang, et al. Chloride ions transport andadsorption in the nano-pores of silicate calcium hydrate:Experimental and molecular dynamics studies. Constructionand Building Materials. 2016(12): 991-1001.

D.S. Hou, Y. Jia, J. Yu, P. Wang, Q. Liu, Transport Propertiesof Sulfate and Chloride Ions Confined Between CalciumSilicate Hydrate Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Study. TheJournal of Physical Chemistry. 2018(122): 28021–28032.

X.Y. Wang, Z.W Jiang. Review on mechanism and model ofwater transport in concrete. Journal of Building Materials.2002(5): 67-71.

J.Y. Sun, N.G. Jin, Y. Tian, X.Y. Jin. Experiment study ofcapillary absorption of fly ash concrete at different curingages. Advanced Materials Research. 2012(451): 78-81.

D.S. Hou, D.K. Li, J. Yu, et al. Insights on capillary adsorptionof aqueous sodium chloride solution in the nanometercalcium silicate channel: A molecular dynamics study.Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2017(121): 13786-13797.

M. Wang , R.M. Wang, H. Yao, et al. Study on the threedimensional mechanism of graphene oxide nanosheetsmodified cement. Construction and Building Materials.2020(12): 730-739.

D.S. Hou ,Z.Y. Lu,X.Y. Li,H.Y. Ma,Z.J. Li. Reactive moleculardynamics and experimental study of graphene-cementcomposites: Structure, dynamics and reinforcementmechanisms. Carbon. 2017(115): 188-208.

W.L. Jin, Y. Zhang, Z.Y. Lu. Mechanism and mathematicmodeling of chloride permeation in concrete underunsaturated state. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society.2008(36): 1362-1369.

Y. T. Jia. T.J. Zhao. D. S. Hou, et al.Molecular DynamicsStudy on Water and Ion Transport in Unsaturated andSaturated Calcium Silicate Hydrate Channels.SilicateBulletin.2019(38): 615-621.

L. Peng, Z. Xu, Z. Liu, et al.An iron-based green approach to1-h production of single-layer graphene oxide. NatureCommunications. 2015(6): 5716.

E. Siegfried, E. Michael, G. Stefan, et al. Wet chemicalsynthesis of graphene.Advanced Materials. 2013(25):3583-3587.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33142/rams.v4i1.8457

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Zhuye HUANG, Yong FENG, Hongwei WANG, Lei FAN

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.